Proving rape requires a combination of legal, medical, forensic, and testimonial evidence. The burden of proof lies with the prosecution, and the case must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. 1. First Information Report (FIR) The initial step is lodging an FIR at a police station. The FIR provides a legal basis for investigation and sets the narrative for the prosecution. 2. Medical Evidence A medico-legal examination (MLE) must be conducted as soon as possible. This includes: Documentation of injuries Collection of semen samples DNA evidence Presence of foreign hair or skin particles Assessment of hymenal or anal rupture (depending on case specifics) Challenges: Delays in examination lead to loss of evidence Lack of trained female staff Inadequate rape kits 3. DNA Testing and Forensic Reports Following the Anti-Rape Ordinance 2020, DNA testing has become a critical component in rape investigations. DNA samples are matched with the accused, establishing physical evidence of sexual contact. 4. Victim’s Testimony Pakistani courts often consider the victim’s statement as crucial evidence. The Supreme Court has ruled in multiple cases that the testimony of a rape survivor alone can be sufficient, provided it is credible and consistent. Issues: Victim-shaming in court Character assassination Psychological trauma 5. Witness Testimonies If there are any eyewitnesses or persons the victim disclosed the crime to immediately, their testimony strengthens the case. Courts assess the credibility, consistency, and independence of witnesses. 6. Circumstantial Evidence Blood-stained clothes Mobile phone records CCTV footage (if available) Location data 7. Confession by the Accused While not always reliable, a voluntary confession during investigation can be used as evidence if recorded before a magistrate.